Nkhani yayifupi

Nkhani yayifupi

• Nkhani yachidule ndi mtundu wamalemba omwe amafotokoza mwachidule, nkhani yaying'ono, ndipo imakhala ndi chiwembu chovuta chomwe chitha kukhala ndi zochitika zingapo ndi zilembo.
• Zolemba zazifupi zofotokozera ndi mwayi woti wolemba afotokoze masomphenya ake kapena kugawana zomwe adakumana nazo komanso zochitika zake ndi ena.

Kodi lingaliro la nkhani ndi chiyani?

• Kufotokozera ndi luso lolemba lomwe limakhudzana ndi kufotokoza nkhani, nkhani, kapena zochitika zakale motsatizana komanso mwadongosolo.

Pofotokozera, wolemba amapanga anthu omwe amasuntha panthawi ya zochitika ndikuyanjana wina ndi mzake.
Anthu a m’nkhaniyi akusonyezedwa m’njira yoti azitha kuona zinthu zenizeni komanso zosangalatsa kwa owerenga.
Makhalidwewa amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa mikangano ndikuwonetsa kusintha kwamaganizo ndi maganizo komwe kumachitika pa nthawi ya nkhaniyi.

Kufotokozera sikumangopezeka m'mabuku kapena nkhani yongopeka, komanso kumafotokoza zochitika za m'mbiri ndi zochitika zenizeni.
Kufotokozera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira zochitika zakale kuti asonkhanitse zambiri, kusanthula, ndikuwonetsa zochitika ndi chitukuko chake pakapita nthawi.
Kufotokozera kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'maphunziro a zolembalemba posanthula ntchito zolembedwa ndikuzindikira momwe nkhaniyo imakhudzira owerenga.

• Mwachidule, kulongosola ndi imodzi mwa njira zaluso zoperekera chidziwitso ndi malingaliro kwa owerenga.

Ndi mitundu yanji ya nkhani?

• Mafotokozedwe amitundumitundu ndi ambiri, chifukwa amatha kugawidwa m'magulu angapo omwe amasiyana malinga ndi mawonekedwe omwe amasiyanitsa mawonekedwe aliwonse.

1. Novel: Bukuli limatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwamafotokozedwe odziwika bwino, momwe nkhani yayitali kapena nthano imaphatikizapo kakulidwe ka anthu ndi zochitika kudzera m'machaputala otsatizana.
   Bukuli ndi lopangidwa komanso latsatanetsatane, lofotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe amamvera, malo, ndi zochitika.
2. Nkhani Yachidule: Nkhani yachidule imadziwika ndi kukula kwake kochepa komanso nthawi yochepa, ndipo nkhani yonse imaperekedwa m'masamba ochepa.
   Mawonekedwe awa amalola lingaliro kapena mphindi kuti iperekedwe mogwira mtima komanso mosangalatsa.
3. Mbiri yakale: Nkhani ya mbiri yakale imayang'ana kwambiri zochitika zenizeni za mbiriyakale ndikuzipereka m'njira yofotokozera.
   Kafukufuku ndi zolemba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kutsimikizira kuti mbiri yakale yoperekedwa ndi yolondola.
   Kapangidwe kameneka kamathandizira popereka chidziwitso chambiri komanso olimbikitsa owerenga.
4. Detective Novel: Buku la Detective limayang'ana kwambiri pakuthana ndi chinsinsi chaupandu, pomwe zowunikira ndi kusanthula kosiyanasiyana zimaperekedwa kuti apezenso chowonadi.
   Mtundu uwu ndiwotchuka chifukwa cha kukayikira, chisangalalo, komanso chidwi chochulukirachulukira m'nkhani zake.
5. Tsoka: Tsoka limagogomezera kuwonetsa zochitika zomvetsa chisoni ndi zomvetsa chisoni zomwe zimadzutsa chisoni ndi chisoni.
   Nkhani zakuya ndi zovuta zimathetsedwa kudzera mu fomu iyi, ndipo mathero ake nthawi zambiri amakhala osasangalatsa.

• Wolemba amatha kusankha iliyonse mwa mawonekedwe awa kapena kuwaphatikiza munkhani yake, kutengera mutu ndi nkhani yomwe akufuna kupereka.
• Kaya asankha kukamba nkhani yopeka kapena kufotokoza zochitika zofunika kwambiri za mbiri yakale, kufunikira kogwiritsa ntchito njira zofotokozera zolondola kwagona pakutha kukopa owerenga ndi kufotokoza bwino zomwe akufuna.

Kodi zigawo za nkhaniyo ndi ziti?

Zigawo zofotokozera ndizinthu zofunikira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malemba kuti afotokoze bwino zochitika ndi malingaliro kwa owerenga.
Zigawozi zimaphatikizapo zinthu zambiri zofunika zomwe zimathandizira kupanga zolemba zamtundu uwu ndikupangitsa kuti zikhale zomveka komanso zosangalatsa.

• Chimodzi mwa zigawo zazikulu za nkhani ndi kulongosola, kumene zochitika ndi zochitika zimasinthana momveka bwino komanso motsatizana.

• Kuphatikiza apo, nkhaniyo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe, pomwe zilembo zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonetsa kuyanjana kwawo komanso kukopa zochitika.
• Makhalidwe amadziwika ndi kuthekera kophatikiza malingaliro aumunthu ndikufotokozera malingaliro ndi masomphenya osiyanasiyana muzolemba.

• Komanso, nkhaniyo imaphatikizapo mbali ya mfundo zazikuluzikulu, monga momwe mfundo zazikulu ndi mauthenga omwe wolembayo akufuna kuti apereke kwa owerenga aperekedwa apa.
• Malingaliro amenewa akugwirizana ndi mitu yaikulu imene ntchito yolemba mabuku imafufuza, monga chikondi, ubwenzi, chilungamo, ufulu, ndi zina.
• Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zimaganiziridwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'nkhaniyo, chifukwa zimapangitsa kuti zolembazo zikhale ndi zotsatira zakuya kwa owerenga ndikumusiya kuti azikonda kwambiri.

• Mwachidule, nkhani imakhala ndi zigawo zingapo zomwe zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti apange nkhani yosangalatsa komanso yogwira mtima.
• Wofotokozera, otchulidwa, ndi mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndizofunikira kwambiri pazigawozi, pamene zimakwaniritsa mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano pakati pawo kuti apititse patsogolo kumvetsetsa kwa nkhaniyo ndi chisangalalo cha owerenga powerenga.

Kodi mikhalidwe ya nkhaniyo ndi yotani?

Kufotokozera kumadziwika ndi makhalidwe angapo omwe amawasiyanitsa ndi machitidwe ena olembera.
Choyamba, kulemba nkhani kumafuna wofotokozera, munthu amene amakamba nkhaniyo ndi kufotokoza zochitikazo.
Chachiwiri, nkhaniyo iyenera kukhala ndi chiwembu chomveka bwino, chokhudza mndandanda wa zochitika zogwirizana.
Chachitatu, nkhaniyo iyenera kukhala ndi anthu enieni omwe amapereka moyo wankhaniyo ndikupangitsa owerenga kuti amve nawo chisoni.

Nkhaniyi iyeneranso kutchula nthawi yeniyeni ya zochitika, kaya zam'mbuyo, zamakono, kapena zam'tsogolo.
Nkhaniyi imachitikira pamalo enaake, kaya ndi malo amodzi kapena angapo.
Pomaliza, zochitika ndi anthu omwe atchulidwa m'nkhaniyo ayenera kufotokozedwa kudzera m'mawu, kaya mwa kukambirana kapena maganizo amkati mwa otchulidwa.

• Makhalidwewa ndiye gwero la kalembedwe kankhani, ndikusiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina ya kalembedwe.

Nkhaniyo iyenera kuchoka pamalingaliro a munthu woyamba ndikuyesera kulankhulana bwino ndi zochitika ndi chidziwitso kuti apange nkhani yamphamvu ndi yosangalatsa kwa owerenga.
Kulemba kofotokozera ndi luso lomwe limathandiza kulumikiza malingaliro, zochitika, ndi malingaliro ndikuwunikira maubwenzi awo osiyanasiyana.

Kodi timadziwa bwanji kuti lemba ndi nkhani yofotokozera?

Nkhani yofotokozera imadziwika ndi kalembedwe kake kapena kalembedwe, chifukwa zimadalira kufotokoza nkhani yeniyeni kapena yongopeka.
Pachiyambi chake, kulongosola ndi nkhani ya chinenero cha prose yomwe imakhala ndi ntchito yofotokozera.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa malemba ofotokozera ndi malemba ofotokozera kumapangidwa ndi momwe munthu amachitira ndi nkhaniyo, ndi kufananiza zomwe zimachitika ndi chilimbikitso choyamba chomwe chimapezeka mu chida chosuntha kapena cholimbikitsa.

• Pali mitundu yambiri ya zolemba m'chilankhulo cha Chiarabu, kuphatikiza zolemba zofotokozera komanso zofotokozera.

Kufotokozera kungatanthauzidwenso kukhala kufotokoza zochitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zofotokozera monga mawu ophiphiritsa osiyanasiyana.
Ngakhale nkhaniyo imatengedwa ngati mtundu wamalemba, imakhala ndi mikhalidwe ina yake.

Kodi ndimalemba bwanji nkhani?

• Pankhani yolemba nkhani, pali zinthu zingapo zomwe wolemba ayenera kuziganizira.
• Mitundu ya malemba ofotokozera amagawidwa m'magulu awiri.

• Mtundu woyamba ndi kulongosola kwa mzere, komwe ndi kutsatizana kwa zochitika m’njira imene zochitikazo zimasimbidwa motsatira nthawi.

• Mtundu wachiwiri ndi wofotokozera mofotokozera, womwe ndi mtundu wa mafotokozedwe omwe amaphatikizapo kufotokoza ndi kufotokoza malingaliro a anthu ndi zochitika mosiyana ndi ndondomeko ya nthawi.

• Mtundu wachitatu ndi mafotokozedwe osinthasintha, omwe ndi mafotokozedwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kusinthana pakati pa anthu angapo kuti afotokoze zochitika.

• Polemba nkhani yofotokozera, wolembayo ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti akugwiritsa ntchito kalembedwe kosalala, ndikusankha mawu oyenerera kuti afotokoze bwino malingaliro ndi malingaliro.

• Mwachidule, kulemba nkhani yofotokozera kumafuna kutsatira malamulo ena ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana pofotokozera zochitika ndi malingaliro.

Kodi mumawongolera bwanji nkhaniyo?

• Kuwongolera kalembedwe kankhani ndikofunikira kwa olemba ndi olemba mabuku, chifukwa kumathandiza kumveketsa bwino tanthauzo ndi malingaliro kwa owerenga ndikupereka malingaliro omwe akuyesera kufotokoza.

1. Kusamalira chilankhulo cha nkhani: Muyenera kusankha mawu oyenera komanso achidule omwe amagwirizana ndi nkhaniyo ndipo amagwirizana ndi masomphenya a nkhani yanu.
   Gwiritsani ntchito mawu olemera komanso osiyanasiyana kuti mupewe kubwereza mawu ndikuwonjezera kusiyanasiyana ndi kukopa zolembazo.
2. Samalani ndi kalembedwe ka ziganizo: Ziganizo ziyenera kukhala zomveka bwino, zaudongo komanso zokonzedwa bwino.
   Gwiritsani ntchito ziganizo zosiyanasiyana monga ziganizo zazifupi, zazitali ndi zovuta kuti mupewe kubwereza kalembedwe ka zinenero ndi kuwonjezera mawu osiyanasiyana.
3. Tsatanetsatane wa ntchito: Gwiritsani ntchito mwatsatanetsatane, zokambirana, ndi zithunzi zowoneka bwino kuti mulemeretse mawu ndikupanga mfundo zenizeni zomwe zimathandiza owerenga kuwona bwino zochitika ndi otchulidwa.
4. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kukambitsirana Momasuka: Kukambitsirana ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la nkhani, chifukwa kumathandiza kupenda anthu otchulidwa komanso kufotokoza zakukhosi ndi malingaliro mwachindunji.
   Gwiritsani ntchito zokambirana mwachibadwa komanso molondola kuti mupereke kuzama kwa otchulidwa ndikuwonetsa umunthu wawo ndi momwe amaganizira.
5. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kukayikakayika ndi kukayika: Gwiritsani ntchito kukankhana ndi kukayikira kuti mawuwo akhale okayikitsa komanso osangalatsa.
   Pangani zochitika kuti zichuluke pang'onopang'ono ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira monga chisangalalo ndi kukayikira kuti mukope owerenga ndikuwapangitsa kukhala okondwa kupitiliza.

• Mwachidule, olemba mabuku amayenera kutchera khutu ku chilankhulo chofotokozera ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito bwino popereka tsatanetsatane ndi malingaliro moyenera.
• Kuyang'ana mwatsatanetsatane, kugwiritsa ntchito kukambirana, kukangana, ndi kukayikira kumathandizira kuti nkhaniyo ikhale yamphamvu komanso yokopa kwa owerenga.

Mitundu ya nthano ndi yotani?

• Kufotokozera nkhani ndi kalembedwe komwe kumadalira kufotokoza nkhani kapena nthano kwa omvera pogwiritsa ntchito mawu olankhulidwa kapena olembedwa ndi mawu.

Nawu mndandanda wamitundu yankhani zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakutsatsa:

1. Nkhani zoyendetsedwa ndi data:
   Kufotokozera kwamtunduwu kumagwiritsira ntchito deta ndi manambala kuti afotokoze uthenga wamalonda.
   Zimatengera kugwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero ndi chidziwitso chofunikira kuti atsimikizire makasitomala za mphamvu ya malonda kapena ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa.
2. Zotsatsa zazing'ono:
   Njirayi imadalira kugwiritsa ntchito nkhani yaifupi, yosangalatsa kuti ikope chidwi cha makasitomala ndikupereka uthenga wotsatsa pakanthawi kochepa.
   Mawebusayiti a Flash ndi zotsatsa zapa TV ndi zitsanzo zabwino za nthano zamtunduwu.
3. Nkhani zoyendetsedwa ndi kasitomala:
   Munkhani yamtunduwu, makasitomala amagawana nkhani zawo ndi zomwe akumana nazo zokhudzana ndi zinthu kapena ntchito zomwe zimaperekedwa.
   Izi zimakulitsa mgwirizano pakati pa makasitomala ndi mtunduwo ndipo zimapereka kuvomereza kwamphamvu kwa chinthucho.
4. Kufotokozera nkhani malinga ndi machitidwe a ntchito:
   Kufotokozera kwamtunduwu kumawunikira mfundo zamakhalidwe komanso mfundo zomwe kampaniyo imatsatira.
   Cholinga chake ndi kupanga chithunzithunzi chabwino ndikukopa makasitomala omwe amagawana nawo mfundo ndi mfundozo.
5. Kufotokoza nkhani zozungulira kasitomala:
   Munkhani yamtunduwu, nkhaniyi imalunjika kwa kasitomala mwiniwake.
   Imayankhulirana ndi zomwe kasitomala amakumana nazo komanso nkhani zokhala ndi chinthu kapena ntchito yomwe wapatsidwa, zomwe zimakulitsa chidwi cha kasitomala ku mtunduwo.
6. Malo ochezera amdima:
   Kufotokozera kwamtunduwu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu kapena ntchito zokhudzana ndi zochitika kapena mitu yosagwirizana ndi malamulo.
   Cholinga chake ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso a hype kuti akope chidwi ndikulumikizana ndi ogula.

Izi ndi zina mwa mitundu ya nthano zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potsatsa.
Makampani amatha kusankha mtundu woyenera kwambiri kuti alankhule bwino uthenga wawo ndikukopa omvera.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa kulongosola ndi kulongosola?

• Kufotokozera ndi kulongosola ndi mawu awiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabuku ndi kutsutsa, ndipo ngakhale ali ofanana m'mayambiriro, amasiyana pa tanthauzo ndi ntchito.
• Kufotokozera ndi njira yofotokozera zochitika ndi nkhani m'njira yofotokozera nthawi, malo, ndi anthu.

• Ponena za nkhani, ndi mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza kafukufuku ndi kusanthula zigawo ndi njira zofotokozera.
• Nkhani zimakhudzidwa ndi kuphunzira mbali za nkhaniyo, kapangidwe kake ka nkhaniyo, ndi zotsatira zake zamakhalidwe ndi nzeru zomwe zimatengera.
• Narrativism imakhudzidwa ndi zinenero, kalembedwe, ndi luso la kulongosola, komanso kusanthula mozama pamalingaliro ndi zizindikiro zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nkhaniyi.

Choncho, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kufotokozera ndi kulongosola kwagona pa chiyambi choyang'ana zochitika ndi ndondomeko yake monga nkhani, pamene yachiwiri ikukhudza kusanthula ndi kuphunzira zigawo za kufotokozera, njira zake, ndi zotsatira zake.
Kufotokozera kungathe kuonedwa ngati filosofi ndi kutsutsa kuwonjezera pa nkhani, zomwe zimathandiza kumvetsetsa kuzama ndi zomwe zili m'malemba.

Choncho, tinganene kuti kulongosola ndi njira yoyambira yofotokozera zochitika, pamene nkhani imakhudzidwa ndi kusanthula ndi kuphunzira ndondomekoyi ndikuwonjezera chithunzithunzi chaluso ndi filosofi ku kumvetsetsa zolembalemba ndi zovuta.